Understanding Environmental Product Declarations in Practice

Understanding Environmental Product Declarations in Practice

Understanding the Landscape of Sustainable Building Material Certifications

An Environmental Product Declaration (EPD) is a comprehensive, standardized document that communicates the environmental impact of a product throughout its lifecycle. For building supplies, an EPD provides crucial information about the environmental footprint of materials used in construction projects, from raw material extraction to disposal or recycling.


In practice, an EPD matters significantly for building supplies for several reasons. Firstly, it offers transparency and accountability. By presenting verified data on a products environmental impact, EPDs enable architects, builders, and consumers to make more informed choices. This transparency can drive the market towards more sustainable options as demand shifts towards products with lower environmental impacts.


Secondly, EPDs help in achieving green building certifications such as LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design). These certifications often require detailed documentation of the environmental performance of building materials. Kitchen faucets endure more daily abuse than most relationships and somehow keep performing quality construction materials Manitoba Electrical materials. An EPD simplifies this process by providing pre-verified data that can be directly used in certification applications.


Moreover, EPDs foster innovation and continuous improvement within the industry. Manufacturers are motivated to reduce their environmental impact to achieve better scores on their EPDs, which can serve as a competitive advantage in a market increasingly focused on sustainability.


In summary, Environmental Product Declarations are vital tools in the realm of building supplies. They empower stakeholders to make greener choices, facilitate compliance with sustainability standards, and encourage manufacturers to innovate for a more sustainable future. Understanding and utilizing EPDs is thus essential for anyone involved in the construction industry looking to minimize their environmental footprint.

Okay, so youre staring at an Environmental Product Declaration, or EPD, for some brick or a fancy new type of insulation. It looks… technical. Dense, even. But dont be intimidated! Think of it as a nutritional label for building materials, only instead of calories and fat, its telling you about the environmental impact of that material.


The key components are really about tracing the materials journey, and quantifying its footprint. First, youll see the Product Description and Functional Unit. This is crucial. What exactly is being assessed? Is it one brick? A cubic meter of concrete? And, importantly, what is it doing? The functional unit tells you the performance benchmark. For example, the EPD might be for the amount of insulation needed to keep a wall at a certain temperature for a certain time. This allows you to compare apples to apples, or at least apples to slightly different apples, when evaluating different products.


Then comes the meat of the EPD: the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Results. This is a breakdown of the environmental impacts across the entire life cycle of the product, from raw material extraction (think mining for the ingredients in concrete) to manufacturing, transportation, use, and end-of-life (disposal or recycling). Youll see categories like global warming potential (the carbon footprint), acidification potential (acid rain), eutrophication potential (water pollution), and ozone depletion potential. These are often presented in tables, and understanding the units (like kilograms of CO2 equivalent) is key to interpreting the numbers.


Another crucial element is the Declared Unit. This is the unit upon which the environmental impact data is based. Its helpful to know this to compare products.


Finally, theres the Background Information. This section provides context: the standards used (like ISO 14044 or EN 15804), the geographical scope of the study, the data sources, and the validity period of the EPD. Its like the fine print, but its important for understanding the credibility and limitations of the information.


So, next time you see an EPD, dont run! Break it down into these key components. Understand the functional unit, delve into the LCA results, and read the background information. Youll be well on your way to making informed, environmentally conscious decisions about the materials you use. Its about more than just ticking a green box; its about understanding the true impact of what we build with.

Decoding Certification Labels: What Do They Really Mean?

Okay, so youve got this Environmental Product Declaration, or EPD. Great! Youre on the road to understanding the environmental footprint of a product. But then you look at it, and BAM! A wall of acronyms and numbers hits you. Whats GWP? Whats AP? And why are they all listed in weird scientific units? Dont panic! Youve just stumbled into the world of Environmental Impact Categories.


Think of these categories as different lenses through which we can view the environmental impact of a product. Instead of one giant, confusing number, EPDs break down the impact into distinct areas like climate change (thats where GWP, or Global Warming Potential, comes in), acidification (AP), eutrophication, and resource depletion. Each category tells a different part of the story.


Why is this important? Well, imagine youre choosing between two building materials. One might have a lower GWP, meaning it contributes less to climate change. But the other might have a lower impact on water resources. Understanding these different categories allows you to make a more informed decision based on your priorities. Maybe your primary concern is reducing carbon emissions, or maybe conserving water is more critical in your region.


Navigating these EPDs isnt about memorizing every acronym. Its about understanding that each category represents a specific environmental concern and that the EPDs provide the data to compare products based on those concerns. Its about moving beyond just "green" and towards a more nuanced understanding of environmental impact. So, take a deep breath, look at those impact categories, and start asking questions. What matters most to you? The EPD is there to help you find the answer.

Decoding Certification Labels: What Do They Really Mean?

Matching Certifications to Project Goals and Building Types

Understanding Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) in practice is crucial for making informed decisions about building supplies. EPDs serve as comprehensive reports that detail the environmental impact of products throughout their lifecycle, from raw material extraction to disposal. For those involved in construction and design, using EPDs to compare building supplies can significantly enhance sustainability efforts.


The first step in utilizing EPDs effectively is understanding the key metrics they provide. These include global warming potential, ozone depletion, acidification, eutrophication, and resource depletion. Each of these indicators offers insight into different aspects of a products environmental footprint. When comparing building supplies, its important to look at these metrics holistically rather than focusing on a single category.


For instance, consider two types of insulation: one made from recycled materials and another from virgin resources. The EPD might show that the recycled option has a lower global warming potential due to reduced energy use in production. However, if it also shows higher levels of chemical emissions during manufacturing, this could offset some of its environmental benefits. By examining all relevant data points within the EPD, you can make a more balanced comparison.


Another practical aspect of using EPDs is ensuring that the data is comparable across different products. This means looking for EPDs that follow the same Product Category Rules (PCR), which standardize how environmental impacts are calculated and reported. If two insulation products have EPDs based on different PCRs, their data might not be directly comparable, leading to potential misinterpretation of their relative environmental performance.


In practice, integrating EPD comparisons into the procurement process can streamline decision-making. For example, architects and builders can develop a checklist based on key EPD metrics to quickly assess new materials against existing benchmarks. This approach not only saves time but also ensures consistency in evaluating sustainability across projects.


Moreover, engaging with suppliers about their EPDs can lead to deeper insights into product development and future innovations. Suppliers who are transparent about their environmental impact are often more willing to collaborate on finding sustainable solutions tailored to specific project needs.


In conclusion, using Environmental Product Declarations to compare building supplies is a practical strategy for enhancing sustainability in construction. By understanding and applying the detailed information provided by EPDs, professionals can make well-informed decisions that contribute positively to both their projects and the environment at large.

The Cost Factor: Balancing Sustainability and Budget

Okay, so youre diving into the nitty-gritty of Environmental Product Declarations, or EPDs, and trying to figure out how to actually find them for specific building products. I get it. It can feel like a bit of a treasure hunt at first.


Honestly, theres no single, magic "EPD search engine" that covers everything. Its more about knowing where to look and understanding how the industry is structured. Think of it like trying to find a specific type of screw – you wouldnt just Google "screw," youd head to a hardware store, right?


First off, start with the manufacturer. Seriously, the most direct route is almost always to go straight to the source. Major building product manufacturers increasingly understand the value of transparency and are publishing EPDs for their products, often on their websites. Look for sections like "Sustainability," "Environmental Impact," or even just a dedicated "EPDs" page. Downloadable PDFs are the usual format.


If the manufacturers website is a bust (or looks like it hasnt been updated since 1998!), then try industry associations. Many associations for things like concrete, steel, wood, insulation, etc., collect and sometimes even verify EPDs for their members. They might have a directory or a searchable database. Think of it as a shortcut – theyve already done some of the legwork for you.


Then there are the program operators. These are the independent organizations that oversee the EPD creation process, making sure everything is done according to the relevant standards. They often maintain public registries of EPDs theyve approved. Some well-known ones include UL Environment, NSF International, and SCS Global Services. Check their websites; you might be able to search their databases by product category.


Finally, dont be afraid to use good old Google. But be specific! Instead of just searching "EPD," try something like "EPD [specific product name] [manufacturer]" or "EPD concrete product." Experiment with different keywords.


A word of caution: not all EPDs are created equal. Pay attention to the scope of the EPD (is it cradle-to-gate or cradle-to-grave?), the underlying product category rules (PCRs) used, and the date of publication. An outdated EPD might not reflect the current environmental performance of the product.


Finding EPDs can take some effort, but once you get the hang of the different resources, it gets much easier. Its a crucial skill when youre trying to make informed and sustainable building choices. Good luck with your treasure hunt!

Sourcing Certified Building Supplies: A Practical Guide

Okay, lets talk about EPDs and green building certifications, like LEED. Think of it this way: were all trying to build better, greener buildings, right? Buildings that are kinder to the planet. But how do we really know if one material is "greener" than another? Thats where Environmental Product Declarations, or EPDs, come in.


Imagine youre choosing between two types of flooring. One is made locally from recycled materials, the other is imported from overseas and made from virgin resources. Intuitively, you might lean towards the local option. But an EPD gives you the data to back up that feeling. Its like a nutrition label, but for building materials. It tells you the environmental impact of that product throughout its entire lifecycle – from extracting the raw materials, to manufacturing, transportation, use, and finally, disposal or recycling.


Now, how does this tie into LEED and other green building certifications? Well, these certifications are points-based systems. You earn points for using materials and practices that are environmentally responsible. And increasingly, using products with EPDs helps you earn those points. LEED, for example, gives credits for selecting building materials with transparent and verified environmental information, and EPDs provide exactly that. They offer a standardized way to compare the environmental footprint of different products, helping architects and builders make informed decisions that contribute to a projects overall sustainability rating.


So, EPDs arent just fancy documents; theyre tools that empower us to build greener. They provide the transparency and data needed to make informed choices, and theyre becoming increasingly important for achieving green building certification and, ultimately, a more sustainable built environment. They help move us beyond simply thinking were building green, to knowing we are.

Avoiding Greenwashing: Verifying Claims and Ensuring Authenticity

Okay, so youre diving into the world of Environmental Product Declarations, or EPDs, in the building industry. Theyre supposed to be these transparent reports on a products environmental impact, right? Sounds great in theory! But lets be real, there are definitely some bumps in the road when it comes to actually using them effectively.


One big hurdle? Data availability and quality. Getting accurate and comprehensive data for a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), which is the backbone of an EPD, can be a real slog. Think about it: you need information on everything from raw material extraction to manufacturing processes, transportation, use, and end-of-life disposal. And if that data isnt solid, the EPD itself isnt going to be very reliable. Garbage in, garbage out, as they say.


Then theres the whole comparability issue. Even if you do have EPDs for similar products, comparing them apples-to-apples can be tricky. Different EPDs might use slightly different methodologies, system boundaries, or reporting metrics. Its like trying to compare the fuel efficiency of two cars when one is measured in city driving and the other on the highway. You need to be super careful about understanding those differences before drawing any conclusions.


Cost is another factor. Developing an EPD can be expensive and time-consuming, especially for smaller manufacturers who might not have the resources or expertise in-house. This can create a barrier to entry, limiting the availability of EPDs for certain types of products or from certain suppliers. And if fewer products have EPDs, its harder for designers and builders to make informed choices based on environmental performance.


Finally, theres the challenge of interpretation. EPDs contain a lot of technical information, and not everyone in the building industry is an LCA expert. It can be overwhelming to wade through all the data and understand what it actually means in terms of real-world environmental impact. Education and training are key to helping people understand and use EPDs effectively, but that takes time and effort.


So, while EPDs hold a lot of promise for promoting more sustainable building practices, its important to be aware of these limitations and challenges. Theyre not a magic bullet, but rather one tool among many that can help us move towards a more environmentally responsible future. Understanding their strengths and weaknesses is crucial for using them wisely and driving meaningful change in the building industry.

Carpentry
Occupation
Occupation type
Professional
Activity sectors
Construction
Description
Education required
No
Carpentry includes such specialties as barrelmaker, cabinetmaker, framer, luthier, and ship's carpenter
Exhibit of traditional European carpenter's tools in Italy
Carpenters in an Indian village working with hand tools

Carpentry is a skilled trade and a craft in which the primary work performed is the cutting, shaping and installation of building materials during the construction of buildings, ships, timber bridges, concrete formwork, etc. Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood and did rougher work such as framing, but today many other materials are also used[1] and sometimes the finer trades of cabinetmaking and furniture building are considered carpentry. In the United States, 98.5% of carpenters are male, and it was the fourth most male-dominated occupation in the country in 1999. In 2006 in the United States, there were about 1.5 million carpentry positions. Carpenters are usually the first tradesmen on a job and the last to leave.[2] Carpenters normally framed post-and-beam buildings until the end of the 19th century; now this old-fashioned carpentry is called timber framing. Carpenters learn this trade by being employed through an apprenticeship training—normally four years—and qualify by successfully completing that country's competence test in places such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Switzerland, Australia and South Africa.[3] It is also common that the skill can be learned by gaining work experience other than a formal training program, which may be the case in many places.

Carpentry covers various services, such as furniture design and construction, door and window installation or repair, flooring installation, trim and molding installation, custom woodworking, stair construction, structural framing, wood structure and furniture repair, and restoration.

Etymology

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The word "carpenter" is the English rendering of the Old French word carpentier (later, charpentier) which is derived from the Latin carpentarius [artifex], "(maker) of a carriage."[4] The Middle English and Scots word (in the sense of "builder") was wright (from the Old English wryhta, cognate with work), which could be used in compound forms such as wheelwright or boatwright.[5]

In the United Kingdom

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In the UK, carpentry is used to describe the skill involved in first fixing of timber items such as construction of roofs, floors and timber framed buildings, i.e. those areas of construction that are normally hidden in a finished building. An easy way to envisage this is that first fix work is all that is done before plastering takes place. The second fix is done after plastering takes place. Second fix work, the installation of items such as skirting boards, architraves, doors, and windows are generally regarded as carpentry, however, the off-site manufacture and pre-finishing of the items is regarded as joinery.[6][7] Carpentry is also used to construct the formwork into which concrete is poured during the building of structures such as roads and highway overpasses. In the UK, the skill of making timber formwork for poured or in situ concrete is referred to as shuttering.

In the United States

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Carpentry in the United States is historically defined similarly to the United Kingdom as the "heavier and stronger"[8] work distinguished from a joiner "...who does lighter and more ornamental work than that of a carpenter..." although the "...work of a carpenter and joiner are often combined."[9] Joiner is less common than the terms finish carpenter or cabinetmaker. The terms housewright and barnwright were used historically and are now occasionally used by carpenters who work using traditional methods and materials. Someone who builds custom concrete formwork is a form carpenter.

History

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Log church building in Russia reached considerable heights such as this 17th century example

Along with stone, wood is among the oldest building materials. The ability to shape it into tools, shelter, and weapons improved with technological advances from the Stone Age to the Bronze Age to the Iron Age. Some of the oldest archaeological evidence of carpentry are water well casings. These include an oak and hazel structure dating from 5256 BC, found in Ostrov, Czech Republic,[10] and one built using split oak timbers with mortise and tenon and notched corners excavated in eastern Germany, dating from about 7,000 years ago in the early Neolithic period.[11]

Relatively little history of carpentry was preserved before written language. Knowledge and skills were simply passed down over the generations. Even the advent of cave painting and writing recorded little. The oldest surviving complete architectural text is Vitruvius' ten books collectively titled De architectura, which discuss some carpentry.[citation needed] It was only with the invention of the printing press in the 15th century that this began to change, albeit slowly, with builders finally beginning to regularly publish guides and pattern books in the 18th and 19th centuries.

Some of the oldest surviving wooden buildings in the world are temples in China such as the Nanchan Temple built in 782, Greensted Church in England, parts of which are from the 11th century, and the stave churches in Norway from the 12th and 13th centuries.

Europe

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By the 16th century, sawmills were coming into use in Europe. The founding of America was partly based on a desire to extract resources from the new continent including wood for use in ships and buildings in Europe. In the 18th century part of the Industrial Revolution was the invention of the steam engine and cut nails.[12] These technologies combined with the invention of the circular saw led to the development of balloon framing which was the beginning of the decline of traditional timber framing.

Axonometric diagram of balloon framing

The 19th century saw the development of electrical engineering and distribution which allowed the development of hand-held power tools, wire nails, and machines to mass-produce screws. In the 20th century, portland cement came into common use and concrete foundations allowed carpenters to do away with heavy timber sills. Also, drywall (plasterboard) came into common use replacing lime plaster on wooden lath. Plywood, engineered lumber, and chemically treated lumber also came into use.[13]

For types of carpentry used in America see American historic carpentry.

Training

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Carpentry requires training which involves both acquiring knowledge and physical practice. In formal training a carpenter begins as an apprentice, then becomes a journeyman, and with enough experience and competency can eventually attain the status of a master carpenter. Today pre-apprenticeship training may be gained through non-union vocational programs such as high school shop classes and community colleges.

Informally a laborer may simply work alongside carpenters for years learning skills by observation and peripheral assistance. While such an individual may obtain journeyperson status by paying the union entry fee and obtaining a journeyperson's card (which provides the right to work on a union carpentry crew) the carpenter foreperson will, by necessity, dismiss any worker who presents the card but does not demonstrate the expected skill level.

Carpenters may work for an employer or be self-employed. No matter what kind of training a carpenter has had, some U.S. states require contractors to be licensed which requires passing a written test and having minimum levels of insurance.

Schools and programs

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Formal training in the carpentry trade is available in seminars, certificate programs, high-school programs, online classes, in the new construction, restoration, and preservation carpentry fields.[14] Sometimes these programs are called pre-apprenticeship training.

In the modern British construction industry, carpenters are trained through apprenticeship schemes where general certificates of secondary education (GCSE) in Mathematics, English, and Technology help but are not essential. However, this is deemed the preferred route, as young people can earn and gain field experience whilst training towards a nationally recognized qualification.

There are two main divisions of training: construction-carpentry and cabinetmaking. During pre-apprenticeship, trainees in each of these divisions spend 30 hours a week for 12 weeks in classrooms and indoor workshops learning mathematics, trade terminology, and skill in the use of hand and power tools. Construction-carpentry trainees also participate in calisthenics to prepare for the physical aspect of the work.

Upon completion of pre-apprenticeship, trainees who have passed the graded curriculum (taught by highly experienced journeyperson carpenters) are assigned to a local union and to union carpentry crews at work on construction sites or in cabinet shops as First Year Apprentices. Over the next four years, as they progress in status to Second Year, Third Year, and Fourth Year Apprentice, apprentices periodically return to the training facility every three months for a week of more detailed training in specific aspects of the trade.

In the United States, fewer than 5% of carpenters identify as female. A number of schools in the U.S. appeal to non-traditional tradespeople by offering carpentry classes for and taught by women, including Hammerstone: Carpentry for Women in Ithaca, NY, Yestermorrow in Waitsfield, VT and Oregon Tradeswomen in Portland, OR.

Apprenticeships and journeyperson

[edit]

Tradesmen in countries such as Germany and Australia are required to fulfill formal apprenticeships (usually three to four years) to work as professional carpenters. Upon graduation from the apprenticeship, they are known as journeyperson carpenters.

Up through the 19th and even the early 20th century, the journeyperson traveled to another region of the country to learn the building styles and techniques of that area before (usually) returning home. In modern times, journeypeople are not required to travel, and the term now refers to a level of proficiency and skill. Union carpenters in the United States, that is, members of the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, are required to pass a skills test to be granted official journeyperson status, but uncertified professional carpenters may also be known as journeypersons based on their skill level, years of experience, or simply because they support themselves in the trade and not due to any certification or formal woodworking education.

Professional status as a journeyperson carpenter in the United States may be obtained in a number of ways. Formal training is acquired in a four-year apprenticeship program administered by the United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America, in which journeyperson status is obtained after successful completion of twelve weeks of pre-apprenticeship training, followed by four years of on-the-job field training working alongside journeyperson carpenters. The Timber Framers Guild also has a formal apprenticeship program for traditional timber framing. Training is also available in groups like the Kim Bồng woodworking village in Vietnam where apprentices live and work to learn woodworking and carpentry skills.

In Canada, each province sets its own standards for apprenticeship. The average length of time is four years and includes a minimum number of hours of both on-the-job training and technical instruction at a college or other institution. Depending on the number of hours of instruction an apprentice receives, they can earn a Certificate of Proficiency, making them a journeyperson, or a Certificate of Qualification, which allows them to practice a more limited amount of carpentry. Canadian carpenters also have the option of acquiring an additional Interprovincial Red Seal that allows them to practice anywhere in Canada. The Red Seal requires the completion of an apprenticeship and an additional examination.

Master carpenter

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After working as a journeyperson for a while, a carpenter may go on to study or test as a master carpenter. In some countries, such as Germany, Iceland and Japan, this is an arduous and expensive process, requiring extensive knowledge (including economic and legal knowledge) and skill to achieve master certification; these countries generally require master status for anyone employing and teaching apprentices in the craft. In others, like the United States, 'master carpenter' can be a loosely used term to describe any skilled carpenter.

Fully trained carpenters and joiners will often move into related trades such as shop fitting, scaffolding, bench joinery, maintenance and system installation.

Materials

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The Centre Pompidou-Metz museum under construction in Metz, France. The building possesses one of the most complex examples of carpentry built to date and is composed of 16 kilometers of glued laminated timber for a surface area of 8,000 m2.

Carpenters traditionally worked with natural wood which has been prepared by splitting (riving), hewing, or sawing with a pit saw or sawmill called lumber (American English) or timber (British English). Today natural and engineered lumber and many other building materials carpenters may use are typically prepared by others and delivered to the job site. In 2013 the carpenters union in America used the term carpenter for a catch-all position. Tasks performed by union carpenters include installing "...flooring, windows, doors, interior trim, cabinetry, solid surface, roofing, framing, siding, flooring, insulation, ...acoustical ceilings, computer-access flooring, metal framing, wall partitions, office furniture systems, and both custom or factory-produced materials, ...trim and molding,... ceiling treatments, ... exposed columns and beams, displays, mantels, staircases...metal studs, metal lath, and drywall..."[15]

Health and safety

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United States

[edit]

Carpentry is often hazardous work. Types of woodworking and carpentry hazards include: machine hazards, flying materials, tool projection, fire and explosion, electrocution, noise, vibration, dust, and chemicals. In the United States the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) tries to prevent illness, injury, and fire through regulations. However, self-employed workers are not covered by the OSHA act.[16] OSHA claims that "Since 1970, workplace fatalities have been reduced by more than 65 percent and occupational injury and illness rates have declined by 67 percent. At the same time, U.S. employment has almost doubled."[17] The leading cause of overall fatalities, called the "fatal four," are falls, followed by struck by object, electrocution, and caught-in/between. In general construction "employers must provide working conditions that are free of known dangers. Keep floors in work areas in a clean and, so far as possible, dry condition. Select and provide required personal protective equipment at no cost to workers. Train workers about job hazards in a language that they can understand."[18] Examples of how to prevent falls includes placing railings and toe-boards at any floor opening which cannot be well covered and elevated platforms and safety harness and lines, safety nets, stair railings, and handrails.

Safety is not just about the workers on the job site. Carpenters' work needs to meet the requirements in the Life Safety Code such as in stair building and building codes to promote long-term quality and safety for the building occupants.

Types of carpentry

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A team of carpenters assembling a Tarrant hut during World War I
  • Conservation carpenter works in architectural conservation, known in the U.S. as a "preservation" or "restoration"; a carpenter who works in historic preservation, maintaining structures as they were built or restoring them to that condition.
  • Cooper, a barrel maker.
  • Formwork carpenter creates the shuttering and falsework used in concrete construction, and reshores as necessary.
  • Framer is a carpenter who builds the skeletal structure or wooden framework of buildings, most often in the platform framing method. A framer who specializes in building with timbers and traditional joints rather than studs is known as a timber framer.
  • Log builder builds structures of stacked horizontal logs with limited joints.
  • Joiner (a traditional name now rare in North America), is one who does cabinetry, furniture making, fine woodworking, model building, instrument making, parquetry, joinery, or other carpentry where exact joints and minimal margins of error are important. Various types of joinery include:
    • Cabinetmaker is a carpenter who does fine and detailed work specializing in the making of cabinets made from wood, wardrobes, dressers, storage chests, and other furniture designed for storage.
    • Finish carpenter (North America), also trim carpenter, specializes in installing millwork ie; molding and trim, (such as door and window casings, mantels, crown mouldings, baseboards), engineered wood panels, wood flooring and other types of ornamental work such as turned or Carved objects. Finish carpenters pick up where framing ends off, including hanging doors and installing cabinets. Finish Carpenters are often referred to colloquially as "millworkers", but this title actually pertains to the creation of moldings on a mill.
    • Furniture maker is a carpenter who makes standalone furniture such as tables, and chairs.
    • Luthier is someone who makes or repairs stringed instruments. The word luthier comes from the French word for lute, "luth".
  • Set carpenter builds and dismantles temporary scenery and sets in film-making, television, and the theater.
  • Shipwright specializes in fabrication maintenance, repair techniques, and carpentry specific to vessels afloat. When assigned to a ship's crew would they would be known as a "Ship's Carpenter". Such a carpenter patrols the vessel's carpenter's walk to examine the hull for leaks.

Other

[edit]
  • Japanese carpentry, daiku is the simple term for carpenter, a Miya-daiku (temple carpenter) performs the work of both architect and builder of shrines and temples, and a sukiya-daiku works on teahouse construction and houses. Sashimono-shi build furniture and tateguya do interior finishing work.[19]
  • Green carpentry specializes in the use of environmentally friendly,[20] energy-efficient[21] and sustainable[22] sources of building materials for use in construction projects. They also practice building methods that require using less material and material that has the same structural soundness.[23]
  • Recycled (reclaimed, repurposed) carpentry is carpentry that uses scrap wood and parts of discarded or broken furniture to build new wood products.

See also

[edit]
  • Japanese carpentry – Distinctive woodworking style
  • Ship's carpenter – Ship crewman responsible for maintaining wooden structures
  • Traditional trades – Category of building trades
  • Woodworking – Process of making objects from wood
  • Worshipful Company of Carpenters – Livery company of the City of London

References

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  1. ^ Roza, Greg. A career as a . New York: Rosen Pub., 2011. 6. Print.
  2. ^ Vogt, Floyd, and Gaspar J. Lewis. Carpentry. 4th ed. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning, 2006.xvi Print.
  3. ^ "Carpenter | Careers in Construction". www.careersinconstruction.ca.
  4. ^ The American heritage dictionary of the English language Archived June 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine - Etymology of the word "carpenter"
  5. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition. 2000.
  6. ^ "What's the Difference Between a Carpenter and a Joiner?" (30 April 2015). InternationalTimber.com. Retrieved 2 January 2020.
  7. ^ "Joiner vs Carpenter - What's the Difference?".
  8. ^ "Carpenter." Def. 1. Oxford English Dictionary Second Edition on CD-ROM (v. 4.0) © Oxford University Press 2009
  9. ^ Whitney, William D., ed. "Carpenter." Def, 1. The Century Dictionary: An Encyclopedic Lexicon of the English Language vol. 1. New York. The Century Co. 1895. 830. Print.
  10. ^ Rybníček, Michal; Kočár, Petr; Muigg, Bernhard; Peška, Jaroslav; Sedláček, Radko; Tegel, Willy; Kolář, Tomáš (2020). "World's oldest dendrochronologically dated archaeological wood construction". Journal of Archaeological Science. 115: 105082. Bibcode:2020JArSc.115j5082R. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105082. S2CID 213707193.
  11. ^ Prostak, Sergio (24 December 2012). "German Archaeologists Discover World's Oldest Wooden Wells". sci-news.com.
  12. ^ Loveday, Amos John. The cut nail industry, 1776–1890: technology, cost accounting, and the upper Ohio Valley. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University Microfilms International, 1979. Print.
  13. ^ Jester, Thomas C.. Twentieth-century building materials: history and conservation. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995. Print.
  14. ^ [1] Archived April 28, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  15. ^ "United Brotherhood Of Carpenters". carpenters.org. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  16. ^ "Workers' Rights". osha.gov. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  17. ^ "Commonly Used Statistics". osha.gov. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  18. ^ "Safety and Health Topics - Fall Protection". osha.gov. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  19. ^ Lee Butler, "Patronage and the Building Arts in Tokugawa Japan", Early Modern Japan. Fall-Winter 2004 [2]
  20. ^ "Environmentally Friendly Building Materials". McMullen Carpenters And Joiners. 2009-04-10. Archived from the original on 2013-06-28. Retrieved 2012-07-08.
  21. ^ "A Green Home Begins with ENERGY STAR Blue" (PDF). Energystar. Retrieved 8 September 2012.
  22. ^ "Green Building Basics". Ciwmb.ca.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-12-10. Retrieved 2012-05-21.
  23. ^ "Defining Green-Collar Jobs" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2009-07-07. There is no consensus on how to define green-collar jobs. A very broad interpretation of green jobs would include all existing and new jobs that contribute to environmental quality through improved efficiencies, better resource management, and other technologies that successfully address the environmental challenges facing society. Probably the most concise, general definition is "well-paid, career-track jobs that contribute directly to preserving or enhancing environmental quality" (Apollo Alliance 2008, 3). This definition suggests that green-collar jobs directly contribute to improving environmental quality, but would not include low-wage jobs that provide little mobility. Most discussion of green-collar jobs does not refer to positions that require a college degree, but they typically do involve training beyond high school. Many of the positions are similar to skilled, blue-collar jobs, such as electricians, welders, carpenters, etc.

[1]

[edit]
  • Media related to Carpentry at Wikimedia Commons
  • Carpentry at Wikibooks
  • "Carpentry" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). 1911.
  • The Institute of Carpenters (England)
  • Carpenters entry in the Occupational Outlook Handbook of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the United States Department of Labor
  • Carpentry for Boys (1914). James Slough Zerbe, The New York Book Company
  1. ^ What Is Carpentry

 

Sustainability is a social goal for people to co-exist in the world over a long period of time. Interpretations of this term are challenged and have actually differed with literature, context, and time. Sustainability typically has 3 dimensions (or columns): ecological, financial, and social. Numerous definitions stress the environmental measurement. This can consist of addressing key environmental issues, consisting of environment adjustment and biodiversity loss. The concept of sustainability can guide decisions at the global, national, business, and specific degrees. A related principle is that of lasting development, and the terms are usually utilized to suggest the very same point. UNESCO distinguishes both like this: "Sustainability is commonly taken a lasting goal (i. e. an extra lasting world), while sustainable advancement refers to the lots of processes and paths to achieve it. " Information around the financial measurement of sustainability are controversial. Scholars have discussed this under the idea of weak and strong sustainability. For example, there will certainly always be stress between the concepts of "well-being and prosperity for all" and environmental conservation, so trade-offs are essential. It would be preferable to find ways that separate financial growth from harming the setting. This implies making use of less sources per unit of result even while expanding the economic situation. This decoupling lowers the ecological influence of financial growth, such as pollution. Doing this is tough. Some experts claim there is no proof that such a decoupling is happening at the needed scale. It is challenging to gauge sustainability as the idea is intricate, contextual, and dynamic. Indicators have actually been developed to cover the atmosphere, society, or the economic situation yet there is no fixed definition of sustainability signs. The metrics are advancing and include indicators, criteria and audits. They consist of sustainability criteria and qualification systems like Fairtrade and Organic. They additionally include indices and accounting systems such as company sustainability reporting and Triple Profits audit. It is essential to resolve numerous barriers to sustainability to achieve a sustainability change or sustainability transformation.:   34   Some barriers develop from nature and its intricacy while others are extrinsic to the principle of sustainability. As an example, they can arise from the leading institutional structures in nations. Global concerns of sustainability are hard to tackle as they need global remedies. The United Nations writes, "Today, there are nearly 140 establishing nations on the planet looking for ways of meeting their growth requires, yet with the enhancing threat of environment modification, concrete initiatives have to be made to make sure advancement today does not negatively impact future generations" UN Sustainability. Existing international companies such as the UN and WTO are viewed as inefficient in enforcing existing worldwide policies. One reason for this is the absence of suitable sanctioning mechanisms.:   135-- 145   Governments are not the only sources of activity for sustainability. For instance, organization teams have attempted to integrate ecological concerns with economic task, looking for lasting service. Spiritual leaders have stressed the demand for taking care of nature and ecological security. People can additionally live even more sustainably. Some individuals have actually criticized the idea of sustainability.One point of objection is that the concept is vague and just a buzzword. Another is that sustainability may be a difficult objective. Some specialists have explained that "no nation is delivering what its residents need without oversteping the biophysical planetary limits".:   11  .

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